2-Hydroxy-3-(Morpholin-4-Yl)Propane-1-Sulfonic Acid

2-Hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid, often abbreviated as MOPS, is an extremely important reagent in biochemical research. It has a wide range of main uses and plays a key role in many fields.
In biological buffer systems, MOPS is a mainstay. Because of its excellent buffering properties, it can precisely maintain the stability of the pH of the solution within a specific pH range. This property is crucial in biochemistry and molecular biology experiments. Many biochemical reactions are extremely sensitive to pH values, and slight changes may affect the reaction process and results. MOPS can create a suitable and stable pH environment to ensure the smooth development of enzymatic reactions, protein purification and analysis experiments.
In the field of cell culture, MOPS is also indispensable. Cell growth has strict requirements on the pH value of the environment, MOPS can effectively adjust and maintain the pH stability of the medium, providing cells with a suitable living environment like in the body, helping cells grow, multiply and metabolize normally, and greatly improving the success rate and quality of cell culture.
In nucleic acid electrophoresis experiments, MOPS is also a right-hand assistant. As an important component of electrophoresis buffer, it can ensure smooth migration of nucleic acids in the electric field, ensure clear bands and high resolution, and provide reliable support for nucleic acid testing and analysis.
In addition, in biomedical related experiments such as protein electrophoresis and immunoassay, MOPS provides a stable pH condition for the experimental system with its excellent buffering capacity, which makes a great contribution to improving the accuracy and repeatability of the experiment. All in all, 2-hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid plays a pivotal role in many scientific research fields such as biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology, and strongly promotes the progress and development of life science research.

2-Hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid, often referred to as MOPS, is a commonly used buffer in biochemical research. Its physicochemical properties are as follows:
Looking at its properties, it is mostly white crystalline powder at room temperature, pure and delicate, which is easy to store and use, and provides convenience for experimental operation.
When it comes to solubility, MOPS is easily soluble in water and quickly disperses and dissolves in water to form a uniform and stable solution. This property makes it able to play a good buffering effect in various aqueous experimental systems. And its aqueous solution is clear and transparent, without precipitation or turbidity, ensuring a clear experimental environment and does not interfere with experimental observation and detection.
In addition to pH, MOPS has a specific buffer range, and its effective buffer pH range is about 6.5-7.9. In this range, when the solution is affected by external acid-base factors, it can effectively inhibit large fluctuations in pH by virtue of its own acid-base balance mechanism, maintain the stability of solution pH, and ensure the normal operation of biochemical reactions or biological systems in a suitable pH environment. For example, in some enzymatic reactions, stabilizing pH is essential for maintaining enzyme activity, and MOPS plays a key role.
MOPS has a high melting point, usually around 205-209 ° C. The higher melting point indicates that its intermolecular force is strong, the structure is stable, and it can maintain solid state stability under conventional experimental temperature conditions. It is not easy to melt and deteriorate due to temperature fluctuations, which is conducive to long-term storage and use in different environments.
In addition, the chemical properties of MOPS are relatively stable, and it is not easy to react with common chemicals under general conditions. However, under extreme conditions such as high temperature, strong acid, and strong base, its structure may be affected, and its buffering performance may also change. Therefore, when storing and using, care should be taken to avoid extreme environments to ensure its reliable performance to meet experimental or production needs.

2-Hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid, often referred to as its English abbreviation MOPS. This substance is widely used in biochemical research, molecular biology, cell culture and many other fields.
In the field of biochemical research, MOPS often acts as a buffer. Because it can maintain a specific pH range, biochemical reactions can proceed stably. For example, in enzymatic reactions, many enzymes have the best activity only under a suitable pH environment. The stable acid-base environment created by MOPS can protect the enzyme activity from large fluctuations in pH, thereby ensuring the normal progress of the reaction.
In molecular biology experiments, MOPS also plays a key role. Like nucleic acid electrophoresis experiments, in order to make nucleic acids swim smoothly and the bands are clear, the pH environment needs to be stabilized. The MOPS buffer system can achieve this purpose and help researchers accurately analyze the size and purity of nucleic acid fragments.
In the field of cell culture, MOPS is indispensable. When cells are cultured in vitro, they are extremely sensitive to the pH of the growth environment. MOPS can regulate the pH of the culture medium, create a stable acid-base condition for cells in vivo, promote cell adhesion and proliferation, and avoid cell growth inhibition or even apoptosis due to abnormal pH.
In addition, in the reaction system of protein crystallization experiments and some drug development processes, MOPS provides a suitable acid-base environment for the reaction with its excellent buffering properties, which helps the research to proceed smoothly. In short, 2-hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid occupies an important position in many scientific research and technological applications due to its unique properties.

To prepare 2-hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid, the following steps can be started.
Starting materials, compounds containing morpholine structure and compounds containing hydroxyl and sulfonic acid precursors can be selected. Morpholine and suitable halogenated alcohol derivatives are used as starting materials, such as propylene glycol derivatives substituted by halogen atoms (chlorine and bromine are appropriate). This is because the high activity of halogen atoms is prone to nucleophilic substitution reactions.
When reacting, the morpholine and halogenated alcohol derivatives are placed in suitable organic solvents, such as acetonitrile, dichloromethane, etc. The organic solvent needs to be able to dissolve the reactants without side reactions with the reactants. In this solvent environment, add an appropriate amount of alkali, such as potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate, etc. The function of the alkali is to neutralize the hydrogen halide generated by the reaction and promote the reaction to proceed forward. Heating and stirring, temperature control is critical, generally between 40 and 80 ° C. If the temperature is too low, the reaction rate is slow; if the temperature is too high, it is easy to cause side reactions.
After nucleophilic substitution, the nitrogen atom of the morpholine attacks the carbon atom connected to the halogen atom of the halogen alcohol, and the halogen atom leaves to form a propane intermediate containing a morpholine group and a hydroxyl group.
Then, this intermediate is reacted with a sulfonating agent to introduce a sulfonic acid The commonly used sulfonation reagents are sulfonyl chloride compounds, such as chlorosulfonic acid. The reaction is carried out in a low temperature environment, generally controlled at 0-10 ° C. Due to the intense reaction of sulfonation, low temperature can avoid the reaction from going out of control. During the reaction process, the reaction process needs to be closely monitored, and thin layer chromatography (TLC) can be used.
After the sulfonation reaction is completed, the reaction mixture is post-treated. First extract with a suitable solvent to separate the organic phase and the aqueous phase. The organic phase is washed with dilute acid, dilute base and water in sequence to remove unreacted raw materials, by-products and salts of the base. After that, the organic phase is dried with a desiccant such as anhydrous sodium sulfate, the desiccant is filtered off, and the organic solvent is removed by reduced pressure distillation to
The crude product is purified by column chromatography, recrystallization, etc., and a suitable eluent or solvent system is selected to obtain pure 2-hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid. In this way, according to the above steps and conditions, the synthesis of the target compound can be achieved.

2-Hydroxy-3- (morpholine-4-yl) propane-1-sulfonic acid, that is, MOPS, when using, there are many precautions that need to be taken with caution.
First, it is related to the preparation of the solution. When this substance is dissolved in water, attention should be paid to the moderate water temperature. If the water temperature is too high or too low, it may affect the rate and degree of dissolution. When stirring, the force should also be moderate. If it is too strong, it is easy to produce too much foam. If it is too slow, it will take too long to dissolve. And be sure to ensure that the water used is pure and free of impurities to avoid impurities mixing and affecting the purity and performance of the MOPS solution.
Second, pH adjustment should not be underestimated. MOPS is often used as a buffer, and its buffer range is about pH6.5-7.9. When adjusting the pH value, acid or alkali should be slowly added dropwise, and an accurate pH meter should be used to monitor it in real time. If the pH value deviates from the required range, it may have adverse effects on subsequent experiments or reactions.
Third, stability is also important. MOPS solutions should not be exposed to air for a long time because they may react with gases such as carbon dioxide in the air, resulting in changes in solution composition. Therefore, if the prepared solution is not used temporarily, it should be sealed and stored in a cool, dry place, avoiding light and high temperature to maintain its stability.
Fourth, the adaptation of the use scenario is extremely critical. Different experiments or industrial processes have different requirements for the purity and concentration of MOPS. In biological experiments, the purity requirements are very high, and a little more impurities may interfere with biological activity; in some industrial applications, although the purity requirements are relatively low, the accuracy of the concentration is also crucial. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the specific requirements before use, choose MOPS reasonably and determine the use parameters.