What is the chemical structure of 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid?
4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid, referred to as HEPES, has the following chemical structure:
HEPES is a zwitterionic buffer. Its chemical structure contains a piperazine ring, which is connected to a hydroxyethyl group at the 2 position of the piperazine ring and an ethanesulfonic acid group at the 1 position. Specifically, the piperazine ring is a hexamembered heterocyclic ring composed of two nitrogen atoms and four carbon atoms alternately. A hydroxyethyl group (-CH 2 CH 2 OH) is attached to the nitrogen atom at the 2 position. The oxygen atom in this hydroxyethyl group is covalently bonded to the nitrogen atom on the piperazine ring. The sulfur atom in the ethanesulfonic acid group forms a covalent bond with the nitrogen atom on the piperazine ring. This unique structure endows HEPES with good buffering properties, making it widely used in biochemical and cell biology experiments. It can effectively maintain the pH value of the solution, provide a suitable acid-base environment for biomolecules and cells, and reduce the impact of pH fluctuations on biological systems.
In which experiments is 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid commonly used?
4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) is a commonly used buffer in biochemical and cell biology experiments. It is frequently used in many experiments and is listed as follows:
1. ** Cell culture **: When cells are cultured in vitro, they are extremely sensitive to the pH value of the environment. Due to its good buffering ability, HEPES can stabilize the pH value of the cell culture medium in the range suitable for cell growth, usually 7.2-7.4. This can ensure the normal metabolism and physiological functions of cells. Processes such as cell adherent growth and proliferation benefit from a stable pH environment, preventing damage to cells due to pH fluctuations, and ensuring the smooth progress of cell culture experiments.
2. ** Enzyme activity determination **: Many enzymatic reactions require strict pH values, and slight changes in pH may affect enzyme activity. HEPES can create and maintain specific pH conditions to make enzymes in the best active state. For example, in some protein enzyme activity determination experiments, the HEPES buffer system is used to precisely regulate the pH value of the reaction system, so as to accurately determine the ability of enzymes to catalyze substrate reactions under specific conditions, providing a stable environment for studying the characteristics and functions of enzymes.
3. ** Protein crystallization **: The protein crystallization process requires a suitable and stable solution environment. HEPES can adjust the pH value of the solution while maintaining stable conditions such as ionic strength, which helps protein molecules to arrange in an orderly manner and form crystals. This is of great significance for analyzing the three-dimensional structure of proteins through X-ray crystallography. Only by obtaining high-quality protein crystals can accurate protein structure information be obtained, which helps to further study protein functions and mechanisms of action.
What is the pH buffer range for 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid?
If you want to know the pH buffer range of 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid buffer, it should be noted that this is a commonly used buffer for biochemical experiments. Its buffering capacity is quite good, and the application range is specific. The pH buffer range of this buffer is about 6.8 to 8.2.
Guy 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid has a specific chemical structure and acid-base properties. In this pH range, the pH of the solution can be effectively maintained by the absorption and release of protons. In many biochemical and molecular biology experiments, the activity and stability of biological macromolecules such as proteins and enzymes are quite sensitive to environmental pH. The pH buffer range of this buffer is suitable for simulating the pH of most organisms in vivo, and can create a stable environment for biomolecules to maintain normal activity and function.
Therefore, the pH buffer range of 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid buffer is approximately 6.8 to 8.2, which is of great significance in related experimental applications.
How is 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid stored?
If you want to store 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid, you should do it properly according to the ancient method. This agent likes coolness but is afraid of heat. It should be placed in a shady place, away from direct sunlight, to prevent its quality from changing due to heat.
Its place should be dry and do not allow moisture to invade it. Cover moisture can easily lead to deliquescence and damage its original properties. If stored in a closed container, it can prevent contact with outside air and avoid oxidation and other changes.
When taking it, you should also be cautious. Purify your hands first, then take them with clean instruments, seal them as quickly as possible, and return them to their original storage. In this way, the agent will not be damaged for a long time, so that it can be used for future needs, and it can be used to the best of its ability.
What are the precautions for 4- (2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-1-ethanesulfonic acid?
When processing 4- (2-cyanoethyl) piperidine-1-glycolic acid, the following points should be paid attention to:
First, it is related to the purity of the material. Cyanoethyl, piperidine, glycolic acid and other raw materials must meet the purity standards. Too many impurities are easy to cause side reactions, which seriously affect the quality and yield of the product. If the raw material contains impurities, it may compete with the main reactants for the activity check point during the reaction process, generating unexpected by-products, thereby reducing the output of the target product.
Second, the reaction conditions are crucial. In terms of temperature, this reaction is quite sensitive to temperature. If the temperature is too high, the reaction rate will be accelerated, but the side reactions will also be intensified, or the product decomposition, polymerization and other conditions will occur; if the temperature is too low, the reaction rate will be delayed, the reaction time will be greatly extended, and even the reaction cannot be fully carried out. For example, if the reaction needs to be carried out in a specific temperature range, if it deviates from this range, the quality and yield of the product will be affected. Furthermore, the reaction pressure cannot be ignored. Some steps may need to be carried out under specific pressures, and improper pressure control will also cause adverse consequences to the reaction.
Third, the choice of solvent should not be underestimated. A suitable solvent can not only promote the dissolution of the reactants and make the reaction proceed smoothly in the homogeneous system, but also have an effect on the reaction rate and selectivity. Different solvents have different properties such as polarity and solubility, which have a great impact on the reaction process. Improper solvents may not be able to effectively dissolve the reactants, or interfere with the reaction mechanism, which ultimately affects the formation of the product.
Fourth, safety protection should not be ignored. Cyanoethyl-related compounds are toxic and irritating. When operating, safety procedures must be strictly followed, and complete protective equipment must be worn, such as protective clothing, gloves, protective glasses, and gas masks. The experimental site also needs to have good ventilation facilities to discharge the toxic gases that may be generated in time to prevent the poisoning of operators. At the same time, the disposal of waste materials should also meet environmental protection requirements to avoid pollution to the environment.
Fifth, the monitoring of the reaction process is indispensable. With the help of analytical methods such as thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), the reaction process can be monitored in real time, and the progress and degree of the reaction can be accurately grasped, so as to adjust the reaction conditions in time to ensure that the reaction is advancing in the direction of generating the target product and improve the purity and yield of the product.