What is the chemical structure of Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid?
The chemical structure of Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid (PIPES) is as follows:
This substance contains a piperazine ring, each connected to an ethanesulfonic acid group at the 1,4 positions of the piperazine ring. From the structural analysis, the piperazine ring is a six-membered heterocyclic ring containing two nitrogen atoms, which is symmetrically distributed, endowing the molecule with certain rigidity and stability. The ethanesulfonic acid group (-CH _ 2O _ SO _ H) is connected to the piperazine ring nitrogen atom, and the central ethyl group (-CH _ 2O _ CH _ 2O _ -) plays a connecting role. The sulfonic acid group (-SO _ H) has strong acidity and hydrophilicity. In the
sulfonic acid group, the sulfur atom is covalently connected to three oxygen atoms, one of which is connected to the hydrogen atom to form a hydroxyl group, and the sulfur atom is also connected to the ethylene group. This structure makes PIPES have buffering properties, because the sulfonic acid group can undergo protonation and deprotonation in different pH environments, and maintain the pH stability of the solution in a specific pH range. The combination of piperazine ring and ethanesulfonic acid group determines the chemical and physical properties of PIPES. For example, it has good solubility in water. Due to the hydrophilicity of the sulfonic acid group, it is often used in the experimental buffer system of biochemistry and molecular biology.
What are the main uses of Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid?
Piperazine-1,4-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid) (Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid, referred to as PIPES), is a commonly used reagent in biochemical research. Its main uses are as follows:
First, the preparation of buffer solutions. In biochemical and molecular biology experiments, many enzymatic reactions, protein and nucleic acid studies need to be carried out smoothly in a specific pH environment. PIPES has good buffering properties and can stabilize the pH value of solutions within a specific range. Usually its applicable pH range is about 6.1-7.5. In this range, it can effectively resist the influence of adding a small amount of acid or base on the pH value of solutions, creating a stable environment for the study of the structure and function of biological macromolecules. For example, in some enzyme activity measurement experiments that depend on a specific pH environment, PIPES buffer can ensure that the enzyme is in the best active state, making the experimental results more accurate and reliable.
Second, the field of cell culture. When cells are cultured in vitro, they are extremely sensitive to the pH value of the environment in which they are located. PIPES can be used to prepare a buffer system of cell culture medium to provide a stable pH environment for cell growth. In the process of mammalian cell culture, a suitable pH environment is essential for cell survival, proliferation and metabolism. The culture solution prepared by PIPES can meet the physiological needs of cells, help cells grow normally and maintain function, and avoid cell damage or abnormal growth due to pH fluctuations.
Third, protein crystallization research. Protein crystallization is a key step in analyzing the three-dimensional structure of proteins. In the process of protein crystallization, it is essential to stabilize pH conditions. PIPES buffer can regulate the pH value of the solution to promote the orderly arrangement of protein molecules and then crystallize. Different proteins require different crystallization pH conditions. The flexibility and applicability of PIPES enable it to meet the crystallization needs of a variety of proteins, providing strong support for structural biology research and enabling researchers to further explore the relationship between protein structure and function.
What is the concentration range of Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid used in different fields?
Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid (PIPES) is a commonly used biological buffer, and its concentration range varies in different fields.
In the field of cell culture, the concentration range is usually about 5-25 mM. This concentration range can effectively maintain the stability of the pH value of the cell culture environment, create suitable pH conditions for cell growth, avoid damage to cells due to large fluctuations in pH value, and ensure normal physiological functions and metabolic activities of cells.
In the enzyme reaction system, the concentration is often 10-50 mM. Enzymes are extremely sensitive to the pH value of the reaction environment. This concentration range ensures that the enzyme can exert catalytic activity under the optimum pH conditions, so that the enzymatic reaction can be carried out efficiently, and the enzyme activity can be reduced or even inactivated due to pH discomfort.
When conducting protein crystallization experiments, the concentration of PIPES may be between 5 and 50 mM. A suitable pH environment is essential for protein crystallization. This concentration range can precisely regulate the pH value of the system, help protein molecules to form crystal structures in an orderly arrangement, and provide good conditions for the analysis of protein three-dimensional structures.
In electrophoresis buffer, the concentration of PIPES used is mostly 10-30 mM. It can maintain the pH stability of the buffer system during the electrophoresis process, ensure that the migration behavior of biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids in the electric field is stable and reproducible, so that the separation effect is better and the bands are clearer, which is convenient for subsequent analysis and detection.
How is the solubility of Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid?
Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid, Chinese name piperazine-1,4-diethylsulfonic acid, often referred to as PIPES. The solubility of this substance is very important for its application in various experimental and industrial processes.
PIPES is easily soluble in water and can be well dispersed in water to form a uniform solution. This property is due to its molecular structure, containing sulfonic acid groups, hydrophilic, easy to interact with water molecules, and is promoted by ion-dipole force and hydrogen bonding to water molecules. Generally speaking, at room temperature, an appropriate amount of PIPES is added to water and can be quickly dissolved with moderate stirring.
However, the solubility of PIPES in organic solvents is relatively limited. Common organic solvents, such as ethanol, acetone, etc., have a large difference in molecular structure from PIPES, making it difficult to form an effective interaction with PIPES. Therefore, PIPES has low solubility or even insolubility in such organic solvents. This difference in solubility can provide ideas for the separation and purification of PIPES in practical applications, and use its different solubility in water and organic solvents to select suitable solvents for operation.
When using PIPES, the effect of its solubility on the reaction system cannot be ignored. For some reactions that need to be carried out in aqueous solution, the good water solubility of PIPES can ensure that it is evenly distributed in the system and give full play to its buffering effect and other related functions. If the solubility is poor, it may not be able to effectively participate in the reaction, or affect the reaction rate and product quality. Therefore, understanding the solubility of PIPES is of great significance for the rational application of this substance.
How is the stability of Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid?
Piperazine-1,4-Bisethanesulfonic Acid (Piperazine-1,4-diethylsulfonic acid, referred to as PIPES), its stability is related to many aspects and is quite important.
This substance has good stability under normal conditions. In general temperature and humidity environments, it can maintain the stability of its own chemical structure, and is not prone to decomposition or significant chemical reactions on its own. However, if the environmental conditions change drastically, its stability will be affected.
In terms of temperature, if the temperature is too high and exceeds a certain limit, the thermal motion of the PIPES molecule will intensify, which may cause the chemical bonds in the molecule to become active, and then break or rearrange, ultimately affecting its chemical stability. For example, when approaching or exceeding its melting point, the state of a substance changes, and its chemical properties may also change accordingly. However, it can be well maintained at room temperature (about 20-25 ° C).
Humidity is also a key factor. If the ambient humidity is too high, PIPES may absorb water. Excessive moisture may initiate a hydrolysis reaction and destroy its molecular structure. Especially in the presence of certain impurities or catalysts, hydrolysis reactions may occur more easily. Therefore, it is usually necessary to store it in a dry place to avoid affecting the stability due to humidity problems.
In terms of light, although PIPES is not an extremely sensitive substance to light, long-term exposure to strong light, especially high-energy rays, may promote photochemical reactions in molecules, causing structural changes and impaired stability. Therefore, it is generally recommended to store in a dark place.
In addition, the contact of PIPES with other chemical substances will also affect the stability. If it comes into contact with strong oxidizing agents or reducing agents, it is very likely that oxidation-reduction reactions will occur, destroying its original structure. Therefore, during storage and use, it is necessary to pay attention to avoid coexistence with these substances that may react. In short, properly store PIPES, maintain appropriate temperature and humidity, avoid light and contact with incompatible substances, in order to ensure its stability.